Educational Specification Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Specification - Research Proposal Example From the discussion it is clear that  planning seeks to identify the main requirements for the project in order to ensure that the objectives are met during the implementation process for the project. During the planning phase various project parameters including functional, philosophic, environmental and operational aspects are considered, with the aim of producing a comprehensive plan for implementing a project.As the paper highlights the need to improve teaching within schools has necessitated the transformation of the methods utilized in teaching. There is an increased need to academic relevance of the theoretical materials being taught to be applicable within practical settings outside the classroom. While this serves as an encouragement to students on the viability of materials being taught, this is a core factor that enhances the understanding of the theoretical concepts presented in class. Conducting laboratory studies, especially within the STEM field has been described a core element in teaching within this field. This project has been developed and implemented based on the philosophy of ensuring practicality of teaching within the STEM field. The goal of the project is the presentation of a facility that can be utilized by teachers and students in conducting practical tests within the field of STEM.  The facility will be utilized by junior high school students for conducting many of their introductory practicals in STEM subjects.

Veristic Roman Portraits

Veristic Roman Portraits Roman works of art, from both Republic and Empire, are deeply influenced by traditions and aesthetic elements of other cultures. Many art historians have interpreted that much of visual arts produced in ancient Rome are derivative of Classical and Hellenistic Greek styles. Other interpretations have shown that Roman art also draws on Etruscan and even Egyptian visual cultures. While such analyses are valid, it should be noted that Roman artists did not merely emulate the styles of earlier cultures, but they synthesized the diverse elements and manipulated them to create a uniquely Roman style. This distinctive and syncretic Roman attitude led to the emergence of verism in Roman Republican portraitures in the beginning of first century B.C.E. Veristic portaitures had striking individualistic features that showed human interiority. They demanded intellectual engagement of the viewers because Roman portraitures were a complex system of conventions that sought to convey a message. This p aper analyzes verism in Roman portraitures and discusses how a set of formal elements are dictated to serve a communicative purpose. Before embarking on our discussion of veristic Roman portraitures, we should first question what the definition of verism is. It is a term that describes hyperrealism that departs from idealizing tendencies. Veristic portraitures were popular during the Republican period, and they served to commemorate civil virtue. Veristic portraits emphasize individualistic and often unattractive features of the subject. They portray mature men, and marks of age were acutely depicted, such as wrinkles, moles, scars and other imperfections. The emphasis on seniority was highly placed because old men who have dedicated their lives to the civic good attained noble positions in public office. It is also because signs of aging skin, such as furrows and creases, were loyal souvenirs of having tolerated the psychological strains of a society at times of chaos and civil war. These were desirable characteristics of a civic ruler because they were associated with wisdom, responsibility, and loyalty to the s tate. Perhaps, the best way to define verism is by contrasting it with idealism, a style that is primarily associated with Hellenistic Greek period. Idealism is the opposite of verism, and it tends to idealize the subject by exaggerating the characteristics as it seeks to relate the subject to a divine figure. Although Romans borrowed the concept of portraiture from Greek Hellenistic art, Roman portraitures per se are visibly different from Greek portaits. In contrast to Roman tradition of depicting men in their later life, Hellenistic tradition leaned toward representing rulers as being youthful. This is primarily because youthful if not god-like images of kings free of any imperfections were the sources of admiration and adoration to the populace. A famous example is the marble portraiture of Alexander the Great (fig. 1). Alexander the Great (reigned 336-323 B.C.E.) wanted to immortalize his power by making a permanent visual image of himself. He commissioned artists, especially Lysippos, to sculpt his portraits out of marble, a medium probably chosen for its durability. The Marble Portrait of Alexander the Great is about 37 cm in height. It was created between 2nd-1st century B.C.E. during the Hellenistic period. It was believed to be found in Alexandria, the capital city of the Hellenistic dynasty. The portrait head has a curly hair that falls on both sides of the face. Its surface is very smooth and the softness of the skin is alm ost tangible. It has a slight hint of eyebrows, and its eyes are directed upwards and are intently gazing at something. It has a relatively sharp nose and its lips are depicted with precision. The curved lines of both the upper and lower lips are acutely portrayed. It has a smooth jaw line that makes an elegant U shape that is offset by a solid neck. Its head is slightly tilted upwards. Overall, the sculptor depicted Alexander the Great as a youthful king without any physical blemishes. Unlike Roman Republican sculptors who were veristic in style and were humble in depicting the subject, the Hellenistic sculptor glorified and idealized the subject in an attempt to liken the subject to a god. Arguably, one of the most noticeable differences between veristic works and works of other styles are their treatment of the subject. Artists from different cultures employed different styles to communicate a distinct set of messages. The portraiture of Vespasian is a good example of a veristic style portraiture that conveyed a political message (fig. 2). It is a marble head of Vespasian, the Roman Emperor who ruled from 69 C.E to 78 C.E., who was also the founder of the Flavian dynasty. It was created between 69-79 C.E. during the Imperial Roman period, and came from Ostia, Italy. The sculptor clearly depicted Vespasian as an old man, with palpable signs of aging. The portrait head has a balding or a receding hairline, with wrinkles on the forehead. The eyebrows are meticulously carved with detail given to each individual strand of hair. The eyes have soft almond shapes with crows feet in the ends. There are marks of sagging under the eyes, and wrinkles are all over the face. The ti p of the nose is round and big, and its lips are very thin and are tightly closed. Further individualistic features are accurately recorded, such as Vespasians slightly protruding chin. Like the Hellenistic portrait head of Alexander the Great, this marble head also has a solid neck, although it is marked with deep wrinkles. Vespasian is represented as a man in his later life with unflattering marks that are clearly depicted rather than being fixed up and perfected. This is because Romans valued individualism over idealism, and departure from idealisitic qualities meant absence of pretense and deception. Vespasians veristic portrait is full of conventions that celebrate the humble, wise, and responsible characteristics of a well-qualified ruler. Borrowing the words from Nodelman, this veristic portrait is a system of signs that is carefully condensed into the image of a human face. Conceptually, Vespasians marble portrait head can be seen as a mosaic, in which desirable physical fea tures are juxtaposed and carefully fitted together to create an image of a noble ruler. The Primaporta Augustus departs from the veristic style, and falls back on the Hellenistic style of idealizing and perfecting tendencies. It is a 6 feet 8 inch tall marble statue depicting Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire (fig. 3). It was created during early 1st century C.E., and it was found in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, Italy. Augustus (reigned 25 B.C.E. to 17 C.E.) deliberately avoided the veristic style that Republic so adored and celebrated, because the humble and honest manner of veristic portraiture would not effectively communicate the youthful energy of Augustus to the audience. Augustus did not want to be seen as a weak, aging man or as a ruthless dictator, but rather as a young and energetic emperor who is about to bring change to the Roman Empire at the time of unstability. The statue has a short, curly hair and its face is void of any marks; its skin is smooth and radiant. Its right arm is raised, which is a gesture of address. This gesture depicts Augustus as a powerful public figure who has the charisma to lead the public. The statue is wearing a battle dress that presents Augustus not only as a civic ruler but also as a military commander. It is standing in contapposto pose, in which the weight of the body is shifted to one foot while the relaxed other rests. The particular stance, short hair, and smooth face strongly evoke Polykleitos Doryphoros (fig. 4). Doryphoros is rendered in Classical Greek style and Augustus intentionally chose to echo the Classical style in a calculated attempt to portray himself as the conqueror. On the bottom of Augustus right leg is Cupid riding on a dolphin. The presence of Cupid, the son of Venus, is important because it serves both a functional and symbolic role. It functions to provide support to Augustus right leg, but also serves as a visual reminder of Augustus divine lineage. Lastly, Augustus is shown barefoot. This was done to link Augustus to a god. Ultimately, these various elements come into play to shape Primaporta Augustus as an effective political propaganda to send a message that Augustus rise to power will bring stability to the Empire at the time of civil war and chaos. The desire of both the commissioners and the sculptors to condense various meanings into a portrait is clearly reflected by the distinct styles and manners in which the subject is treated. Roman sculptors, as well as artists of other cultures, clearly had a range of styles to choose from, and they artfully, effectively and quite beautifully utilized the chosen styles to convey certain messages to the viewers. Through such efforts, portraits become a complex system of signs and symbols that form a language in which the history of a whole society can be read. A Hellenistic style with an idealizing tendency was chosen to glorify the subject and to demand imperial and divine exaltation from the populace. On the other hand, a Roman veristic style with emphasis on physical imperfections and marks of aging was chosen to denote a conscious departure from illusions and vanity. It was chosen either to gain public votes to win a noble position in a society or to reflect noble virtues of an empe ror, such as responsibility, wisdom, faithfulness, and selfless devotion. Ultimately, veristic Roman portraits were visual and symbolic expressions of the subjects interiority. Various conventions were orchestrated by motives to put across political messages. The portraits were not merely well crafted works of art to be passively enjoyed, but were montages of meanings to be actively interpreted. Both intellectual and psychological engagement of viewers were demanded to understand the messages that Roman artists so passionately celebrated.

Subliminal Advertising :: essays research papers

Throughout mass media there are illegal messages that still appear, such images are also known as Subliminal Advertising. Though illegal, such incidences can never be tried nor taken to a court of law. It is highly impossible and unlikely to notice these messages. However, they are triggered by the subconscience and send neural messages to your brain that you are unaware of, thus making it hard to notice when you are seeing these things. They are illegal because it was believed in earlier incidences that cigarette ads were sending similar messages telling the youths of America to smoke. I have witnessed similar messages called â€Å"Threshold Messages†, these are images that are digitally re-mastered so that you don’t notice what you are seeing but the neural pathways in the human brain hone in on and receive these messages. If you look very carefully at most Liqueur ads you will notice that the nude upper body of a woman is thrown into the ice in a wine ad, or there is the word â€Å"sex† etched into the eyes of a female in a herbal essence ad. However even such images are even unseen to the naked human eye. Unless your light threshold is low, you will not be able to encounter these images, but if you do have a low threshold for light, all you simply need are a little time, patience, and energy. As I was browsing through a Skateboarding Magazine, I had noticed an ad that was a â€Å"Absolute Vodka† ad, I looked all over the add for about an hour, finally I had seen a picture of a skull and crossbones in the ice that was in the glass. Though these images did not appeal to me, think about how they might appear to you average alcoholic or lush. One technique used by most corporations is a technique usually described as using â€Å"buzz words†, this is found more in print than is used on television or radio. If we are scrolling through a newspaper and we see an exciting flashy word, our eyes tend to draw towards it. Companies are entirely aware of this, so they flash words on us like, â€Å"Free,† †New.† †Hurry†. Something about these words makes us want to see what all the fuss is about, and to read the company’s ad. Now when you do read the ad, there will be â€Å"buzz words† embedded into he ad that do not even look flashy.

Suicide Speech Outline

Speech OutlineTopic: Suicide SpecificPurpose: To aware people about suicide and help them to find out if someone could be living this awful situation. By being aware all of us could save lives in danger. Introduction: Attention Getter: Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U. S. surpassed by accidents and homicide. (According to Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention) Statement of Significance: Suicide or â€Å"self-killing† or â€Å"an act of taking one’s own life† according to Robert M. Martin. Now committing suicide is very common in nowadays anyone could be in danger of doing it, your mom, dad, brother, sister, uncle, and aunt could be going through this hard stage. I will tell you the main causes of suicide, the signs of a suicidal person, and how could you help someone on need. Preview: Today I will be talking about why people commit suicide, the sings and methods and finally how we can help someone that wants to commit suicide. Transition: Now that I covered the significance let’s see why people do itBody: I. Why do people commit suicide?A. They think it’s killing themselves is the only way of his/her problems. 1. Usually when someone takes over hi/her life they aren’t thinking straight because for example (when you were little and you went to the doctor and they wanted to give you an injection you would say no, because it would hurt. Now imagine wanting to end up with your own life) 2. Most of the times suicide is planned buy in other cases is not planned its just and instinct that people have and supposedly their way out of problems. Women attempt suicide more often than men, but men are 4 times more likely to commit suicide because men use more effective methods such as gun and hanging themselves.B. Depression1. Having some personal problems such as a breakup, a big fight with a loved one, parents getting a divorce, being an outcast in school or in other place, even an unwanted pregnancy could depress someone that much that suicide is their first thing in their heads and they end up doing it. 2. Having some personal issues is also a main cause of suicide such as being sexually abuse, homosexual preferences, and self- identity and a trauma (according to Edwin Shneidman) which includes poor health, example asthma, obesity, and multiple illness . Transition: Now you know the main causes why do people commit suicide, now let’s see the sings of a suicidal person and methods of suicide. II. Sings of a suicidal person and methodsA. Signs1. The suicidal signs are easy to identify, and if you identify them early enough you could save a person’s live that could be in danger. 2. According to the website kidshealth. org here are the signs of a suicidal person * talking about suicide or death in general * talking about â€Å"going away† * referring to things they â€Å"won’t be needing† or giving away possessions * talking about feeling hopeless or feeling guilty pulling away from friends or family and losing the desire to go out * having no desire to take part in favorite things or activities * having trouble concentrating or thinking clearly * experiencing changes in eating or sleeping habits * engaging in self-destructive behavior (for ex. drinking, drugs, or cutting)B. Methods1. Top 10 suicidal methods according to listverse. com 10. Drowning 5. Carbon Monoxide Inhalation 9. Electric shock 4. Poison 8. Bleeding to death 3. Hanging 7. Jumping 2. Drug/ Alcohol Overdose 6. Suffocation 1. Gun Shot III. How could we help/ prevent suicide? A. If it’s someone you know? 1. Don’t leave a family, friend, or stranger alone trying to commit suicide. Try to help them in any kind of way you can by giving them advices and make the realize how suicide could affect everyone around them B. What if it’s you? 1. If suicide has come across your mind, don’t just sit there get some help from a person you trust as soon as possible, or you could call the suicide line 24/7 1-800-SUICIDE or 1-800-999-9999. Remember that suicide is not the way out. Transition: So know you know if saving a live is in your hand do it right away and before it’s too late. Conclusion: Before I finish remember that Restatement of significance: It’s important that we take any sing in consideration because our loved ones could be thinking of a suicide and we must protect them. Review: I have covered why people commit suicide, the sings and methods and finally how we can help someone that wants to commit suicide, so once again keep these in mind you could save a life. Closing Device: Just remember that suicide is not the way out.References: 1. Robert M.Martin Suicide: The Philosophical Issues New York: 1980 48-54 2. Edwin S. Shneidman Suicidology: Contemporary Developments New York 1976 1-14 3. Methods of suicide http://listverse. com/health/top-10-ways-to-commit-suicide/ 24 June 2008 4. Suicide in general http://kidsheath. org/parent/emotions/behaviors/suicide. html 24 June 2008

Disaster Rehabilitation Complex Essay

Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material Foldable emergency houses through Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material. A revolutionary way of construction where the bamboos are being combined with structural Bolt Ball steel to act as struts (replacing the steel/aluminium material) and form as a structural joints to achieve stability and flexibility. Together with Contex-T: textile architecture, a fiber reinforced structural element that will act as the roofs and walls which provide good insulation, maximum flexibility in design and maximum mobility with a short construction period; and Liter of Light: soda bottle solar light, an innovative invention that will turn a soda bottle into a 50-60 watts light bulb during the day, which will be attached customarily to the bamboo struts in different areas of the foldable houses. -source; Building with Bamboo by Gernot Minke; WHAT IS THE PROJECT ABOUT? DESCRIBE. (STATEMENT OF USE/FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING BASED ON NBC) Philippine Red Cross Disaster Rehabilitation Complex: An Evacuation and Rehabilitation Facility under, Group D – Institutional (Government and Health Services) Division-1 No. 4 Principal use of The 2004 Revised IRR of P.D no. 1096 (as published by the DPWH), dedicated for the disaster and calamity victims, and also will become the new headquarters of   Red Cross; a development that will change the image of unsystematic and unorganized evacuation center in the Philippines that aims to educate people in their condition during calamities while providing them a complete set of recreational, medical, educational, conventional and administration facilities dedicated for their fully rehabilitation directly from Philippine Red Cross, while eliminating the issue of politics and providing an immediate response during and after the calamity. A formal evacuation center in the Philippines that can cater a huge amount of evacuees while providing them comfort, care and medical attention and a comfortable emergency houses through Bamboo foldable houses, where a locally found bamboo’s are being modified and turn it into a unique hybrid construction material where it is incorporated with structural bolt steel and organic fiber reinforced textile material that can provide a recyclable, flexible, and a faster installation while reducing the cost and maintaining the stability and the proper standards for an emergency houses. LOCATION (OPTIONAL) Tent City of Tacloban Marcos Highway cor. Amang Rodriguez Ave., Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City. TARGET USERS: PRIMARY:Evacuees and victims of disaster and calamities SECONDARY:Volunteers Doctors Medical Staff’s TERTIARY: People in needs of medical assistant Security personnel Donors Visitors NO. OF USERS: (approximate no.) 100,000 Families OWNER(S) OR CLIENT(S): Philippine Red Cross PROJECT OBJECTIVE(S) OF THE OWNER (WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR THE PROJECT?) 1. To erase the image of the Philippine’s chaotic evacuation center 2. To provide new Headquarters of Philippine Red cross that will become a center of their public service and donations 3. To educate and raise the awareness of the people to the Emergencies, Calamities, and Disasters 4. To help people recover from their condition, in a faster service with a complete facility dedicated for them. 5. To reduce the health casualties occurring in the un-organized evacuation center. BUDGET/FINANCING SCHEME: The amount of financial funds will be according to the donations collected by the Philippine National Red Cross from the different organizations of the Government especially From Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and from private sectors and individual charitable donations. Structural3,000 per square meter Electrical and telecoms1,000 per square meter Sanitary 2,500 per square meter Sprinkler1,000 per square meter Mechanical1,500 per square meter Architectural 5,000 per square meter Emergency houses550,000 (estimated cost of bunk houses of government) Note: the cost of land acquisition for the site is not yet included in the above mentioned costing.

Wall street the movie essays

Wall street the movie essays 1) Gordon Gekko is played by Michael Douglas. In the film, he is an egotistical, power hungry, greedy, millionaire. Gordon will do anything for money, no matter what the cost to himself . He used all of the people are him to his advantage and then disposed of them when he was done. This can be seen as both a strength and a weakness. He was a very ambitious character that would not give up until the bitter end. Once this ambitious gets out of control though, it can also bring you down lead to your demise. The only thing he valued was his money and he had no moral values. The only thing that he sum what respected was partnership, but he even broke his promises to his own partners in the case of Bud and Blue Star Airlines. As for his social values, he remains a respectable upper class businessman, who acts as if he doesnt have a flaw on him. In his personal life he has everything he could possibly want, but all he sees his possessions as are points on the score board of life. I admire the man for his ambition and a business man becomes the job he is in is a kill or be killed business. However, there are more legal ways he could have done his killing instead of taking all of the short cuts in life. Bud Fox is a broker for brokerage firm on Wall Street. As an entry level worker, his job is to call projective clients offering second-hand advice to buying and selling stocks. As soon as he meets Gordon Gekko, he places the man on a pedestal. Gordon is the kind of man that he wants to be; successful millionaire that is on the opposite side of the sale pitch. Fox is very alike Gekko in that they two are incredibly ambitious. Every day for 39 days, he calls Gekko's office for an appointment and finally gets one. As soon as the two meet, Fox slowly starts to lose the hard working morals that he had set forth in his mind and becomes more like Gekko. He was so set on obtaining Gekko ...

Free sample - Sex Orientation. translation missing

Sex Orientation. Sex OrientationInclusion of sexual orientation as a protected class in anti-discrimination laws Sex Orientation is a major subject that our community needs to be addressed today. On a close examination we can identify this can be the core area from where the problem starts. Lack of adequate sex orientation can be lead to crimes and such other social problems from the early child hood onwards. Need of this Assignment:   This essay argues that the community we are writing about (college) must adopt this proposal because it will accomplish three distinct outcomes related to a community issue. Significance of this Assignment:   This thesis argues its side clearly and lays out the structure of the paper. It talks about how to plan to fund the proposal, implement the proposal, and overcome opposition to the proposal. Social problems and lack of sex orientation: This refers to crimes and such other social problems in which only one individual is involved in committing an act and its cause is located within the individual delinquent. Healy and Bronner (1936) compared delinquent youths with their non-delinquent siblings and analyzed the difference between them. Their most important finding was that over 90.0% of the delinquents compared to 13.0% of their non-delinquent siblings had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Moreover the major reason to all these is lack of sex orientation and ignorance. Delinquent boys could not internalize moral values because of the absence of good role models in their fathers. GROUP-SUPPORTED CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS The crimes and such other social problems are committed in companionship with others and the cause is located not in the personality of the individual or in the delinquent's family but in the culture of the individual's home and neighborhood. Southerland developed the theory of differential association. ORGANISED CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS Crimes and such other social problems committed by developing formally organized groups. The concept of /delinquent sub-culture' was developed. The set of values and norms that guide the behavior of group members, encourage the commission of delinquencies, award status on the basis of such acts and specify typical relationships to person who fall outside the groupings governed by group norms. SITUATIONAL CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS Crimes and such other social problems are viewed as having deep roots. In individual crimes and such other social problems, the roots are primarily within the individual; in group-supported and organized delinquencies the roots lie in the structure of the society with emphasis either on the ecological areas where social problems prevails or on the systematic way in which social structure places some individuals in a poor position to compete for success. The situational crimes and such other social problems are not deeply rooted. A young man indulge in a delinquent act without having a deep commitment to crimes and such other social problems because of less developed impulse control and/or because of lesser reinforcement of family restraints and because he has relatively little to lose even if caught. The maximum age for this according to the Juvenile Justice of 2006 is 16 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Youths who are involving truancy, vagrancy, immorality and ungovernability also fall within the definite crimes and such other social problems. According to Walter Reckless this applies to the "violation of criminal code and/or pursuit of certain pattern behavior disapproved of for children and young adolescents." Eaton and Polk (1969) have classified this into five groups according to the type of offence. (1) Various types of violations including disorderly and minor traffic violations. (2) Other types of traffic violations (3) Violation of Properties (4) Addiction to alcoholism and drug. (5) Bodily harm (including homicide and rape). Apart from this there can be the serious threat AIDS originated from lack of sex orientation. (Downes, D. (2001), ‘The macho penal economy: mass incarceration in the US – a European perspective’)    AIDS The most vulnerable group that drew the attention of the participants was the number of HIV positive children estimated to be a million. That's why Mann reiterated that "HI V is not about a virus but primarily about people, individuals and society." There would be a viral holocaust in the world if there is no change in the sexual behavior patterns. By now homosexual relations and blood trans ­fusion were considered as the causes of AIDS infection. Still none can deny that efforts are being made seriously throughout the world by AIDS activists. It is with their efforts that statistics are collected in different affected countries and 155 of them report to WHO on AIDS Not surprisingly the scope of studies has been enlarging taking into its fold not only homosexuals but besides children and prostitutes, hemophiliacs, lesbians (women homosexuals) and drug-users too. CAUSES We can divide the factors into two groups: individual factors and situational factors. FAMILY FROM WHERE THEY SHOULD GET ORIENTATION Many theorists consider family as the most significant factor in the development of juvenile crimes and such other social problems. Class status, power group relations and class mobility, are also related to the family environment.-Early childhood experiences, emotional deprivations and child rearing processes influences the formation of the personality and the development of attitudes, values, and life style. The abnormal expression of behavior in an anti-social form is the result of these. The factors in the social system and the functioning of the institutions such as broken home, family tension, parental rejection, parental control, and family economics, sex abuse affect crimes and such other social problems. The broken family (where one parent is absent because of parental separation, divorce or death) fails to provide affection and control to the child. Family tension results from hostility and the hatred. The younger does not feel secure and content in the tension filled family environment. Long-term tension reduces family cohesiveness and affects the parent’s ability to provide a conducive atmosphere to satisfactory child-rearing and family problem-solving. Family economics is also an important contributing variable. The economic conditions of the family can be one, of many contributing factors in a multi-problem family. LACK OF SEX ORIENTATION Movies and comic books featuring immorality, smoking, drinking and brutality leave a strong impression on the young minds of the children and the adolescents. They teach the techniques of crimes and such other social problems. Movies also develop attitudes conducive to crimes and such other social problems. Movies also develop attitudes conducive to delinquent behavior by arousing desires for easy money, suggesting questionable methods for their achievement, inducing a spirit of toughness and adventurousness, arousing sexual desires, and by invoking day-dreaming. All sociologists have emphasized on the environmental of the social structure and on the learning process as important in crimes and such other social problems. FUNDS As it can be a serious threat to the society, it should be dealt with utmost concern. So the fund for the corrective measures should be allocated from the budget provision of the state medical allotment. METHODS OF TREATMENT Some important methods in treating the delinquent are providing orientation through: (1) Psychotherapy. (2) Reality therapy. (3) Behavior therapy. (4) Activity therapy, and (5) Milieu therapy. Restrictions and reprimands can be effective supplements to the major treatment approach utilized but punishment cannot become an end in itself. The two basic approaches are the individual and the group method of treatment. Sociologists usually deal with the conditions of the social structure that breed crimes and such other social problems, while psychologists treat the individual. Psychotherapy treats emotional and personality problems by changing the attitudes and feelings about significant persons (say, parents) in the clients (delinquent's) past. Through psychotherapy the delinquent is allowed by the therapist in operate in an atmosphere of love and acceptance where the person does not have to fear severe rejection of physical punishment. Reality therapy is based on the view that people unable to fulfill their basic needs, act in an irresponsible manner. The object is to help the delinquent person to act in a responsible manner, that is, refrain from anti-social activity. The basis of the reality therapy is that the past is insignificant. In this therapy, since a child is treated as a responsible person and not as an unfortunate youngster, it transmits strength to the youngster. Behavior therapy is modifying the learned behavior of the delinquent through the development of new learning processes. Reinforcements are the powerful weapon to change behavior. Money praise attention, food, privileges, admission in school, praise, attention, food, privileges, freedom to play with children and good clothes, can be considered as positive reinforces, while threats, confinements, ridicule, physical punishment and depriving of money are negative reinforces. In active therapy method a group of 6-8 children are gathered or invited to meet at a specific time/place to engage in play or some artistic endeavor. A moderately neurotic child finds great release in a permissive environment where he can express his hostility and aggression in creative work, play or mischief, because their behavior does not call for retaliation, punishment, or disapproval, pent-up emotion to find appropriate discharge. Environmental therapy provides a meaningful change and thereby adjusting satisfactorily. These are, (1) Individual counseling. (2) Social case-work, and (3) Vocational counseling are also used. PREVENTIVE AND REHABILITATIVE MEASURES Both private and public agencies have to be involved in crimes and such other social problems prevention because of complexities of the urban society. The three approaches to crimes and such other social problems prevention are: (1) Organizing activities that contribute to healthy personality development and adjustment of youth. (2) Controlling environment of young people contributing to crimes and such other social problems, and (3) Organizing specific preventive services for children. The first approach links the crimes and such other social problems prevention with: (i) General improvements in the institutional structure of the society, for example, family, neighborhood, school (ii) Raising the income levels of poverty-stricken families, (iii) providing job opportunities to young people, (iv) Establishing schools, (v) Improving job conditions, (vi) Providing recreational facilities in neighborhood, (vii) Improving marital relations through family counseling services and family soc ial work, (viii) Imparting moral and social education, among other measures. Preventive activities of the second type include community organization and the efforts of welfare and child care agencies. Preventive activities of the third type include probation and parole services. Family is the significant organization for sex orientation and there for it demand great attention. Unless these disorganized families are reorganized, unless an environment therapy is provided, frustrated and emotionally disturbed young people cannot be prevented from developing a relationship with delinquents. Juvenile units in police department in cities have undertaken recreation units for children. This will go a long way in removing hostility and mutual suspicion between the police and youngsters. Initiating community programs for educating the youngsters regarding the detrimental effects of using drugs and becoming involved in devious social behavior is yet another measure in the prevention of juvenile crimes and such other social problems. Homes for these children to give them a chance to reflect on their own situations with the assistance and guidance of staff members need to be run-away and their parents and guardians so that serious problems can be resolved. The developmen t of a sound public policy regarding all aspects of crimes and such other social problems prevention and control requires both planning and evaluation by rigorous research methods. For that we need co-ordination among various agencies including judiciary, universities, social workers, police etc.. CONCLUSION Sex Orientation is a major subject that our community needs to be addressed today. On a close examination we can identify this can be the core area from where the problem starts. Lack of adequate sex orientation can be lead to crimes and such other social problems from the early child hood onwards. We can eradicate this issue if we take adequate steps to address the problems from the early period itself.

Women on Death Row

Women on Death Row It is indeed rare for a woman to be given the death sentence in the United States. Of the 3,146  persons on death row in the U.S. as of February 2013, only 61 of them, or 1.9 percent, were women. Of the 61 women who were on death row in 2013, 13  of them were convicted of killing their their husbands and/or boyfriends,  12 were convicted of killing their children and two killed both their husbands and their children, according to Victor L. Streibs research in Death Penalty For Female Offenders, January 1, 1973 through February 20, 2013.   Few Women on Death Row There are approximately 50,000 women in prisons in the United States, only 0.1 percent of them are on death row. In comparison to men, death sentencing rates remain very low, with only 566 total executions carried out against women since the first recorded execution in 1632 or less than 3 percent of the total executions. Very few women enter the capital murder system, and fewer still are ever actually executed, according to the Death Penalty Information Center: Women account for only 1 in 10 murder arrests.Women account for only 1 in 47 death sentences imposed at the trial level.Women account for only 1 in 51 persons presently on death row.Women account for only 1 in 110 persons actually executed in the modern era (since 1976). 14 Female Executions List of Women Executed in the United States Since 1976 Number Date Name Ageat Execution Ageat Offense Race State Method 1 November 2, 1984 Velma Margie Barfield 52 45 White North Carolina Lethal injection 2 February 3, 1998 Karla Faye Tucker 38 23 White Texas Lethal injection 3 March 30, 1998 Judias V. Buenoano 54 28 White Florida Electrocution 4 February 24, 2000 Betty Lou Beets 62 46 White Texas Lethal injection 5 May 2, 2000 Christina Marie Riggs 28 26 White Arkansas Lethal injection 6 January 11, 2001 Wanda Jean Allen 41 29 Black Oklahoma Lethal injection 7 May 1, 2001 Marilyn Kay Plantz 40 27 White Oklahoma Lethal injection 8 December 4, 2001 Lois Nadean Smith 61 41 White Oklahoma Lethal injection 9 May 10, 2002 Lynda Lyon Block 54 45 White Alabama Electrocution 10 October 9, 2002 Aileen Carol Wuornos 46 33 White Florida Lethal injection 11 September 14, 2005 Frances Elaine Newton 40 21 Black Texas Lethal injection 12 September 23, 2010 Teresa Wilson Bean Lewis 41 33 White Virginia Lethal injection 13 June 26, 2013 Kimberly LaGayle McCarthy 52 36 Black Texas Lethal injection 14 February 5, 2014 Suzanne Margaret Basso 59 44 White Texas Lethal injection Source: Death Penalty Information Center

History of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

History of Jazz - Essay Example Armstrong also began playing on riverboats and brass band parades and spent most of his time listening to older musicians. However, he began his full career with the resignation of Joe Oliver from Kid Orys band and would continue with his musical dreams playing alongside other musical groups like the Tuxedo Brass Band. Therefore, this assignment seeks to discuss Louis Armstrong’s contribution in jazz music as well as the influence he had in the entire American society. Life and career of Louis Armstrong is a transition from New Orleans to Hollywood, television, Carnegie Hall and the tale of is successful musical career also depicts how jazz music evolved in American and the world beyond(Bergreen 10). The manner in which Louis played trumpet brought a revolution to the music world as he would join the list of most famous and favorite entertainers then and even in the modern society. Though 30 years has elapsed since his death, Louis’s work as a vocalist and instrumentalist still continues to influence the America music especially the jazz type. As a black who was working and living in the segregated black society, he used his music to represent civil right struggles and played an important part in changing the then America (Stein 23). In this case, the life and career story of Louis Armstrong depicts a musician who not only changed the genre he was representing but also the civil and political aspect of the society. Throughout the 1920s at his prime, Armstrong performed alongside various musical groups and began bringing changes to jazz musical genre when he introduced the extended solo. Before, his arrival, the arrangement of jazz music was highly orchestrated or, in other words, loosely structured (Gioia 15). In this case, the previous jazz had a Dixieland structure; a musical collection where no musician is allowed soloist vocal for an extended period. Within no

English Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Paper - Essay Example This can be forced or voluntary and can often have severe effects on the minority culture. Such effects may include the loss of unique traditions and or other cultural aspects. The assumption that assimilation may be considered necessary or even desirable demonstrates an ethnocentric view of the minority culture – that is, that they are judged according to the standards of the dominant culture. In the case of the Australian Aborigines, assimilation was initiated largely as a result of such ethnocentric views, as will be explained. The British colonists who arrived in Australia towards the end of the 18th century saw the Aboriginal people and their lifestyle as lazy and degenerate. Partly due to the unpredictable climate of their environment, the Aborigines had long ago chosen not to adopt an agricultural style of subsistence, instead opting for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. (Clarke 17) As a second consideration, agriculture is more demanding than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, because cultivation and animal husbandry take up significant amounts of time. It never occurred to the British settlers that the natives had chosen their lifestyle for specific reasons. They simply saw the Aborigines as lazy people because they did not work all day. This label has persisted in the national consciousness of Australia and is still not completely eradicated in the present day (Clarke 18). Lingering attitudes such as these indicate that the incomplete understanding that began in the 18th century is still a part of modern Aus tralia. In the nineteenth century the welfare of the natives was not an issue in the minds of settlers, and they were often exploited as well. The following passage highlights not only practices of kidnapping and mutilation, but also the prevailing attitude of the settlers towards the natives: Aboriginal men and women were routinely kidnapped to

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the Essay

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the contemporary global political economy - Essay Example This system argues that many businesses would ensure the presence of diverse products and services of topmost quality at a minimal cost. (1) Probably, the biggest criticism leveled by Marxism is that, Capitalism does not ensure equitable distribution of resources as the economy is primarily controlled by few powerful entities in the market, rather than any authority of the state. This leads to a scenario where the less powerful are subjected to exploitation by the mighty market forces. (2) In capitalistic economy, a substantial chunk of the manufacturers and producers pertain to the private sector, and are propelled by the major objective of enhancing profit. In this quest of theirs’, there is every possibility of the interests of the weak market entities getting jeopardized. (2) Over the past two decades, there has been a phenomenal surge in growth of technology and telecommunications. The advent of Internet has made the globe a very small place, with the geographical distances being of almost no relevance. As a matter of fact, this technological surge played a pivotal role in speeding up the process of globalization. Interactions, both commercial and political, among various countries have now become the order of the day. The rapid strides taken by the sphere of telecommunications led to the advent of many business entities, which are being enabled to carry on operations in many economies in a highly amicable environment. These state of affairs led to a scenario conforming to the tenets of Capitalism – countless business conglomerates have emerged, and which are now wielding tremendous economic power. Capital in the market is now being controlled by numerous forces. An extensive range of products and services are now being offered to consumers, especially in relation to the scenario of the past era where choices for consumers were limited. At

NURSING Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NURSING - Personal Statement Example Concurrently, from a reflective stance, I realized that nursing is a career with vast opportunities for growth. As people get older, there would always be a need to address various ailments through their lifetime. As such, one could never be bored in this profession as it is seen to pose varied challenges through meeting diverse people with unique and distinct health conditions; yet, it also provides opportunities for personal fulfillment and uplifting rewards. The graduate specialty track that I have selected is the Dual Family Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Public Health Nursing Program. I have always had the interest to gain specialization in the provision of primary care services, not only to individuals; but more so, to family members, and even local community residents within a defined population. I am interested to pursue higher education in this field to gain advanced theoretical frameworks on the provision and delivery of holistic care to a wider range of clientele. Through research in the online medium on this field of specialization, I strongly believe that by pursuing advanced courses and modules through the program, I would be accorded with the opportunity to develop the skills required for addressing health care issues within the community level that requires services such as addressing chronic illness, educating members on preventive care, as well as effectively focusing on interventions for acute care, as needed. A situation that could be remembered regarding taking a leadership role was when I was elected the leader of a group in terms of complying with an academic project. As the leader, I assumed a proactive stance at discerning the need to delegate tasks; effectively identify the roles and responsibilities of each of the member according to their competencies and skills; as well as regularly monitoring the performance of each member to ensure that tasks were appropriately accomplished according to schedule. Through

The difference between management and leadership Essay

The difference between management and leadership - Essay Example There is, in fact, a great deal of difference between leadership and management but the best way to differentiate one from another is their basic purpose in an organization. Management is a function—encompassing directing people and controlling resources, implementing and enacting various operations in accordance with the established values—that every organization must exercise. For instance, the manager from my previous workplace exhibited an excellent job in managing the team. He had a comprehensive grasp of the company’s values and principles, and thus he knew exactly how to handle the people and the resources available towards achieving our goals. He told us what to accomplish within a certain timeframe to keep everyone working in line with the company’s goals and objectives. As a manager, he also did good at planning things around the office and facilitating activities which had to be completed. Leadership, on the other hand, is more focused on the re lationship between the leader and his/her people that can motivate them to work hard and strengthen the bonds existing within the organization. In my previous job, I can say that my manager was also a good leader. He was not just there to tell people what and what not to do. He was also there to support us and coach us whenever he felt that some pieces of information and skills were missing.

Work Place Module II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Work Place Module II - Essay Example Some people may argue that accountability is a myth that can not be elucidated due to the complexity of procedures involved and evaluation criteria. However, compliance evaluation may involve formal and informal procedures. In general, accountability is crucial to governance because it ensures public organisations perform in a professional manner in order to offer value for money in the line of public service provision (Dowdle 2006). With regard to accountability in the health care sector, this paper will focus on NHS. In essence, NHS has the role of improving health of the local population in the UK. However, NHS has to be accountable for its service delivery to the people (Cooper 1995). NHS Board is accountable to the department of health. The government is required to provide a statement of NHS accountability clearly describing its responsibility and accountability. NHS provides a range of services, which some of them are accrued from different organisations, not forgetting the de partment of health under which NHS is accountable to (Cooper 1995). ... It is apparent that not a single entity can be argued to comprehensively exercise accountability. Therefore, it will be essential to assess some of the barriers that hinder employment of accountability in NHS. In the long-term, this project benefit both the NHS, the public, and also to me as a student. Through the findings and recommendations of this project, NHS will be able to utilize the information contained in it in order to evaluate its performance in terms of accountability, and various ways through which it can improve as it will be stipulated in the recommendations. Other public organisations can also benefit from the findings of this paper. There is no difference in accountability exercised or required in NHS and accountability exercised or required in other public organisations. Therefore, the government may find it crucial to implement recommendations of this project, in advising other public institutions on how to institute and maintain accountability. On the same note, the public will also benefit from this project in that the project will elucidate on matters concerning how the public can ensure that the government and its institutions are accountable for their actions. For example, the public will be enlightened about consumer/customer accountability. Most people lack the idea of how the government can be made accountable for their service deliveries especially on matters pertaining health service delivery. It is argued that public organisations should ensure that the public gets the value for money in health provision. It is also my strong believe that this project will be of importance to me especially in my studies. I will have not only acquired report writing skills, but I will also have gained a grasp of

The difference between management and leadership Essay

The difference between management and leadership - Essay Example There is, in fact, a great deal of difference between leadership and management but the best way to differentiate one from another is their basic purpose in an organization. Management is a function—encompassing directing people and controlling resources, implementing and enacting various operations in accordance with the established values—that every organization must exercise. For instance, the manager from my previous workplace exhibited an excellent job in managing the team. He had a comprehensive grasp of the company’s values and principles, and thus he knew exactly how to handle the people and the resources available towards achieving our goals. He told us what to accomplish within a certain timeframe to keep everyone working in line with the company’s goals and objectives. As a manager, he also did good at planning things around the office and facilitating activities which had to be completed. Leadership, on the other hand, is more focused on the re lationship between the leader and his/her people that can motivate them to work hard and strengthen the bonds existing within the organization. In my previous job, I can say that my manager was also a good leader. He was not just there to tell people what and what not to do. He was also there to support us and coach us whenever he felt that some pieces of information and skills were missing.

Germany’s Violations of the Versailles Treaty Essay Example for Free

Germany’s Violations of the Versailles Treaty Essay Adolf Hitler rose to power after Germany was defeated in the First World War. There are a number of things that led Germany to be defeated in the war. For example, the British and French armies kept on advancing against Germany, the joining of the United States in the war which affected Germany greatly, the economy of Germany had already collapsed and people were starving and finally there were a lot of divisions in the army which rendered the army dis-united. After Germany was defeated in the First World War the victorious nations met in Paris where they agreed on various things and how they would deal with Germany. Under this treaty, Germany was given some conditions which it was expected to comply. For example, its army size was to be reduced to 100000 men, to accept to be responsible for the war outbreak and therefore to pay for damages that were caused by the war. These were called reparations and were to be divided amongst the victorious nations which included: Britain, French, Belgium and Italy. Hitler believed that if his army was not divided then, he could not have been defeated. He thought Germany was defeated because it was betrayed by the army but not because it was defeated by the Allies. Because of these reasons he violated the Versailles treaty by re arming. In this essay, I am going to discuss on the relationship between Germany’s aggression and her weapons or how arming his army led to the Second World War. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party. He became a chancellor of Germany in 1933 and in 1934 he became its leader. He remained in power from that time until he committed suicide in 1945. Hitler used his oratorical skills, charisma and propagandas in putting hope to the population of Germany that had been traumatized by the war. Hitler started building up his army again increasing its size more than it was agreed. He revived the economy and also refused to accept that he was solely responsible for the First World War. He accepted only when he was promised another war by British and France. Those nations thought that by Germany paying the reparations, they could reverse their economic statuses which had been destroyed by the war but Germany refused to pay. The treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919 in the palace of Versailles near Paris. The victorious or the allied powers forced two Germans to accept the terms on behalf of the Germany. This treaty refused Germany to join the League of Nations. The territories it had conquered were taken by the allies and then shared amongst them. Germany was not allowed to have submarine and air force. The navy was to have only six war ships. Its army was limited to only 100000 men. Also Rhineland –an area of 50 miles wide was declared no man’s land or a buffer zone and Germany was not allowed to place its army there (Hoover A. J. ,1994) This treaty backfired because instead of making the world a better and safer place, it caused more problems and helped Hitler to ascend to power. Germany was not happy with those terms. They complained against its army size that it was vulnerable to attacks. It refused to pay the reparations giving the reason that its economy had been destroyed by the war, it was also bitter because it lost a tenth of its land to the victorious nations. Other nations even smaller than Germany were given free determination as opposed to Germany. The German in other states were not allowed to unite for example, the Australian Germans. They felt they were not to be blamed for the Russia was responsible. They also hated it because they were not allowed to be in the conference. This treaty created a political atmosphere for they blamed everything that went sour to the treaty and the lost war. Also whenever Hitler violated the Versailles treaty he shouted that ‘Germans have refused or want no more. He stated to them openly that he would do away with the oppressive treaty of Versailles. He promised to rearm and unite all Germans who were in other smaller nations. Germany was technical keeping to the terms but in real sense he was not. Hitler violated this treaty in many ways. For example in 1925 under the Locarno treaty he agreed that he would not cross the area bordering France, Belgium and the demilitarized Rhine land but on 7th March1936, Hitler violated this treaty by marching on to Rhineland. Britain and France complained but neither of them took action. In 1932 at a conference at Lausanne, Germany France and Britain signed a treaty to cancel the reparations that Germany was supposed to pay the allied powers. In 1935 Hitler introduced a compulsory military conscription thus mobilizing his army. These included the new navy and air force. Also in 1935 in appeasing Germany who had already started rearming himself, the treaty was violated again by allowing Germany to have submarines. This happened when Germany and Britain signed Anglo Germany Naval Agreement. In 1936, Hitler took the demilitarized territories especially in the Rhineland. In 1938, 12th March Germany entered Austria after gaining a lot mass support. On the following day, he conquered Austria and it became part of Germany. In 1938 Hitler wanted to break war unless he was allowed to take Sudetenland which was on its border. Also in the same year on September 29 the allied powers allowed Germany to take The Sedeten land and on 29th September 1938 they allowed Germany to move ahead but on condition that he would maintain world peace. At first Czechoslovakia refused but it was pressurized to accept that. In 1939 Hitler violated this treaty and occupied Czech province and Slovakia became independent. Later Hungary invaded and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. In 1939 Hitler made demands on Poland because he wanted the Danzig province and be given a route for accessing it through the Polish Corridor. Since the time Hitler started to violate the treaty, the allies were trying to appease Germany but it proved that Germany’s desires were insatiable. Whenever he was allowed to take a section of its former colonies it insisted on all of it. When it gave an ultimatum to attack Poland, another war was promised by the allies to Germany and when he refused to bow down, he was attacked and the second war broke out in September 1939. There was a relationship between the way Hitler armed himself and the way he resulted to be aggressive. The more he equipped his army the more he became aggressive because he thought he would attack and defeat other nations. In his 2001 book Breuer says that Hitler armed himself more than before in terms of research and development. He even trained new crew members in the U-boat business. Something that was contrary to the treaty. The Germany’s military which had so many limitations after the First World War started developing new and most efficient tactics. They started using tanks and aircraft for the ground warfare. Germany also learned about more advanced ideas from British military scholars. In 1929 a German infantry officer was given the task of administering the German-Russian school which was located in Kazan. Its goal was to train Germans on how to operate tanks in Russia. Hitler was militarily creative and wanted the future war to be a totally different from the First World War (Breuer W. B. , 2001) It can be said that Hitler was sorely responsible for starting the war of 1939 because immediately he became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 he began building up his army secretly. He also started compulsory army conscription. All these moves were against the Versailles treaty and although the allies were aware of this, they tried to appease Hitler so that he could help them fight against the spread of communism which had proved to be a big threat to them. They thought that by making Germany stronger, it would check the spread of communism. This policy of appeasement continued until Germany went as too far as to attack Poland (Weinberg G. , 1994) Hitler felt that he was fully prepared for the war because of the loyalty he received from his people plus the outstanding army he had built. He had a very potent army and his air force had become second to none in the whole world. He prepared his army with the new war strategy called blitzkrieg (lightning war) where by heavy ground armies were established and many war aircrafts accompanied these men who were highly mobile. This was a new strategy which had never been seen before. He believed that he was a great power in Europe and thus there was a need to strengthen his army. That is why in 1933 he ordered war planes to be increased to one thousand and army barracks were built. He even quit the Geneva conference after his plan of having his army to re-arm to the level of French or French to his level was refused. For the next two years his military might expand in secret and by 1935 march, he felt that he was prepared enough to arm his Nazi army publicly thus violating the Versailles treaty. As time went by, Germany had 300,000 army men and 2,500 war planes in Luftwaffe and Wehrmacht respectively. He ordered the army to be comprised of 550,000 men. In 1936, he repossessed the Rhineland, in 1938 he annexed Austria and in 1938 he demanded to be allowed to occupy Sudeten land at Munich. In 1939 he took over Bohemia and Monrovia and then made strident move to acquire back his territory –Danzig at the Polish Corridor. The attack he made on Poland is what led to the Second World War outbreak. To conclude this essay, we can say that Hitler idea of building up his army made him to feel that he was ready to face any other nation that appeared to be a threat to him. He assumed that no other nation especially the allied powers would dare attack him and that is why he went ahead to reclaim all the territories that had been taken from him and were now being administered by the victorious powers like France and Britain. If the Versailles treaty was not violated, perhaps then there could not have been a second world war. Reference: 1) Breurer W. B. ,( 2001) Deception of World War II, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc 2) Hoover A. J. , God (1999) Britain and Hitler in World War II: the view of the British clergy, 1939-1945. Praeger publishers. 3) Weinberg G. L, (1994) A World at Arms: A global history of World War II, Cabridge, Cabridge University Press.

The Role Of Stereotyping In Fairytales English Literature Essay

The Role Of Stereotyping In Fairytales English Literature Essay Fairy tales have a great history in Europe and they were transmitted from the one generation to the other by oral speech, until the Grimm brothers decided to commit many of them, around 1815. The fairy tales stories are very important for childrens psychology, as psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim says, because they communicate with the unconscious of the child, through their secret messages, like the battle between the good and the evil, where the good always wins. So, the children feel more hopeful and ready to pass through the difficulties that emerge in their lives (Salkind, 2004). Fairytales contain material that influences a lot the feelings and the cognition of children. Contemporary research has shown they are not coming into the world as black slates, but they bring reflexes, predispositions and capacities, with their birth. Although schemas, the cognitive structures, that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus, that influence perception, memory and inference, (Hewstone, Stroebe Stephenson, 1997, p.617), are transmitted to them through the contact with their guardians and the society (Hewstone et al., 1997). Another effect of fairytales is the elongation of some schemas, specially those that concern gender. There are three types of schemas, according to Baron and Burne (2009); those that have to do with persons, with roles and with events. The role schemas, that are correlated with specific social roles, concern the way that people act and are like. Gender identity is one of the major role schemas that people cope with (Baron, Branscombe Burne, 2009). Gender roles affect the behavior of men and women throughout their life, social and personal. Some characteristics of the male stereotype is that the man is able to be a leader, aggressive, forceful, competitive, independent, individualistic and defending his own beliefs. On the other hand, woman is affectionate, compassionate, shy, soft-spoken, tender, she loves children and she is sensitive to the needs of others. Men are also considered as the owners of their family and like the head of the wife. Stereotypes like that have still their place in many religions, but are also tought to the children through the fairy tales. Women are still presented as followers of the active male figures or helpless with the need to be rescued. Children attain the meaning of gender identity, the fact that they are boys or girls, by the age of two and between the ages of four and seven, they realize that the gender is a basic attribute of the person. As they grow up they come in contact with the stereotypes that concern what it means to be male or female, and they are enforced by their environment to show these traits Children also, learn gender stereotypes very early in their life. By the age of two they know to accord stereotyped behaviors and traits with each gender and at the ages between three and six, they seem more strongly sex stereotyped than adults. Furthermore they are convinced that these stereotypes are true. In particular, in the research of Urberg (1982, cited in Golombok Fivush, 1994), it was found that children espouse unconditionally the gender stereotypes at the age of five, but at the age of seven they become more conciliatory. Another finding of the same research was that children tend to stereotype oth er children more than stereotype adults. In another study of Haugh, Hoffman Cowan (1980, cited in Golombok Fivush, 1994), it was shown on a screen to two groups of children of three and five year old, a shortcut with two twelve month infants playing. The children of the first group were told that the infant on the left was male, and on the right female, and to the other group the opposite. Both groups described the babies labeled as males, with characteristics like big, mad, fast, strong, loud, smart, and hard, while the female labeled as small, scared, slow, weak, quiet, dumb, and soft. As for the predictions that children can make about the preferences of the two sexes, in the study of Martin (1989, cited in Golombok Fivush, 1994), it was found that children of all ages tented to predict the characters interest about some toys, based on his or her gender. But only the younger children relied absolutely on this trait. It seems that younger children are more categorical with gend er stereotypes, and the gender of an individual is determinant for his or her characteristics and habits (Baron, Branscombe Burne, 2009, Golombok Fivush, 1994). The research about the gender roles in fairytales, has shown that even though women represent more than the half percent of the population, they are represented much less in childrens literature. Research during 60s decade found that women were underrepresented in a big amount in the book titles, central roles and the illustrations of popular childrens stories. After the political changes of the decades of 70s and 80s, it was found that women are better represented in childrens literature, but the male characters were represented double times. When a woman had a leading role was described as the males that had the same character. But when she had a secondary role, she was described with the traditional characteristics, as passive and depended (Golombok Fivush, 1994, Godden Godden, 2001). Furthermore, it was found by a research of DeLoache et al., cited in Golombok Fivush, 1994, that children get in contact with the gender stereotypes not only through the characters of their stories, but also by the way that their parents present the gender roles, while they are reading them a book. In particular, mothers that were reading a book to their children were presenting the 90% of the characters with unknown roles as males. Also, when they were asked to read a picture book with bears of indetermined gender, the 62% of them represented the bears to their children as male and a small percentage, about the 16% as female. It was also observed that the bears that were labeled as females, where those that were not been presented to interact with other bears (Golombok Fivush, 1994). According to the Banduras Social learning theory, cited in Cole Cole, 2002, gender is formed by social factors. He supported that the childs behavior is formed by that one of the others and specific by parents behavior, through the learning processes of reinforcement and observation or imitation of a model. Other factors responsible for socialization can be the teachers, the peers and generally the people that get in contact with the child, without underestimating the role of media, like tvs and children readings (Cole Cole, 2002). It has been observed that parents provide to their children except of patterns of imitation, rewards, when the behaviors of the last are compatible with their gender and they punish them for the behaviors that are not accord with it. In the studies of Beverly Fagot, cited in Cole Cole, 2002, in families, it was found that the parents were praising their daughters when they were trying clothes, dancing, playing with their dolls, or when were following them and they were punishing them when they were exploring things, running and climbing around. Contrary they were praising their sons when they were playing with cubes and they were punishing them, when they were playing with dolls, giving or asking for help. These findings are also supported by other studies, like those of Langois Downs, cited in Cole Cole, 2002. Except of the rewards, it has been observed by studies that the fathers in contrast with the mothers, treat their sons much more different than their daughters. More specifically they were considering boys as more strong and taugh and they were enforcing them to do similar activities, while they were rating them more strict than their mothers when they were playing with dolls. Also, when the boys were between the age of two and twelve, they were becoming stricter, more equable, less affectionate and more directional than with their daughters. Furthermore, it seems that the pressure to the boys to conform to their gender role, is bigger than this one that touch girls. As a result the gender role of boys is more cohesive than for the girls, something that continues to exist in mens and womens roles, when the male characteristics and roles are acceptable for women, while the opposite is not acceptable. Another stereotypic role for women in fairytales is that they have to stay in silence. Its inappropriate for them to express their thoughts and claim for their rights. This could be like an insult to their husband and only evil women, like witches, are taught with these behaviors. The only way for the women in fairytales to speak is only after asking a mans permission. Its also common for the man in fairytales to hit his wife when she dares to interrupt him. Women can only express themselves by crying and show helpless (Afanasev, 1973, Bottigheimer, 1986). In Snow White, Brothers Grimm classic fairy tale, the female gender is represented in a negative way. Snow White is displayed as being frightened, naive and helpless, and the evil Queen, her stepmother, the only other prominent female character is a narcissist. Thus, after reading or hearing this fairy tale, society begins to mold into these stereotypes. This quote demonstrates what society considers to be womens role. These traits are presented when the huntsman spares Snow Whites life and when the Dwarfs expect Snow White to do house work in order to live safely with them. Although the queen ironically is very powerful in this fairy tale, she also falls into the stereotype for females. She only uses her power for negatives, rather than positives, scheming vindictive plots on Snow White throughout the whole story. In which, naive Snow White falls victim, not once but three times. The evil queen sends the huntsmen to kill Snow White. This setting introduces the readers to Snow White as a scared helpless girl, a typical expected role of a female (Zipes, 2000). Although there are exceptions, the rule is that a woman has to lose her voice and her identity in order to provide a place in the society for herself. There are specific gender roles in the classic fairy tales that state that the men have the voice and the women are to be collateral. In the classic fairy tale, The Little Mermaid, the character of the seventh daughter is being taught what it is to be a woman. When she complains about grooming for her first trip above water, her grandmother remind her that someone cant have beauty without paying a cost. A woman must be beautiful and must suffer for the cost in silence. Silence is repeated throughout the tale as being a virtue. The mermaid suffers the pain and blood of her feet and the cutting out of her tongue as to be with her love, even though the man does not want her in return. The Disney version of this tale also shows Ariel learning about the importance of outward beauty and suppression. Ursula convinces Ariel that she doesnt need her voice in the human world. She has her beauty, her lovely face and she can use her body language. A woman can live in the mans world, only if she will lose her opinion. At first, Disneys Ariel seems not to follow the typical stereotype role for a woman. She is active, curious and rebellious sometimes. However, when she falls in love, her independent character, transforms into a dependent woman that only wants to become the wife of her beloved man. Moreover she decides to sacrifice her voice, as to become a human, and leave her underwater kingdom to live next to her man (Bell, Haas, Sells, 1995). Another example of the importance of women silence, is in the story of The Merchants Daughter and the Slanderer where the king decides to marry her only when it is mentioned to him that she is quiet and vestal. The value of silence is correlated with those of speech and power. Generally in fairy tales the speech comes from people that have authority, which most of the times are not the women. The women that appear to speak are evil, like witches, and only when they give a curse to their enemies, as it was mentioned before (Afanasev, 1973, Bottigheimer, 1986). Another stereotype in fairy tales, is that the mans role is to work and provide food to his family by this work. Besides that, in many fairy tales, the opposite fact happens. In Constantino Fortunato of Straparola, it is a woman, the mother Soriana, who provides the food to her three adult sons, who end helpless when she is dead. Their only way to survive is to use the items she left them and because they do not have any qualifications for work they become dependent on other people. Because of the fact that they have never worked, they do not appreciate the people who help them and they forget each one when a new person who can help them appears. And thats what Constantino does when is been ensured to him the marriage with the princess. In this fairytale the sons are completely dependent on their mother who has the main character in that. She is described as a very poor woman who had three sons, a description that appears in many points of the story. The important to notice is that never this family is been demonstrated as a poor family, but there is only a really poor mother and her sons. The sons are not considered as independed members of this family and they are not responsible for their poverty, even though they are old enough to have a job. They stay sideliners even when their mother is dead. Their only way to survive is to wait for their neighbors to ask them to borrow some of the items their mother left and give them something in return. When Constantinos brothers get a sweet like a gift from their neighbors they eat it by themselves and they dont keep anything for him but only advice him to ask the cat for help. That is what happens and the cat begins to provide everything to the young man, even his marriag e with the princess. When he becomes a prince he has to face many responsibilities but even in that time he denies to do it and continues to count on womens of the palace help (Zipes, 2000). Another common characteristic for the women in fairy tales is their passivity. Most of them when they find themselves in trouble, are waiting for a male to rescue them and dont take the situation in their own hands. In the story of The Footless Champion and the Handless Champion the sister of the family has to endure every day the minatory visits of a dragon, without doing anything to protect herself like to escape, but only waiting for her brothers to come back from a hunter travel, to save her (Afanasev, 1973). Another message that fairy tales give to women is that disobedience to men and possible will for power will be strict punished. The womans role is to serve the husband and do the housekeeping. In the Mayoress fairy tale, the woman explains to her husband her intention to become mayoress and he decides to punish her with some elder men. Because of her inability as a mayoress she spends the public money and then its impossible to collect the taxes in time. Even though she makes efforts to control the situation, the Cossack decides to punish her by beating her. The meaning of this story is that this woman should never desire a position of power and disobey her husband. Generally this story teaches women to stay allegiant to the authority of their husband and also men that women are incapable for positions that have to do with the public affairs and power. Beauty is another value that is overestimated in fairy tales. Usually we meet in their pages, young and beautiful girls to be chosen by men with power, but ugly and much older, like what happened in Beauty and the Beast and the ugly girls to be rejected not only from men but also from society. It is also common that the beauty is correlated with traits, like honesty, purity, virginity, delicacy and modesty. Beauty is also a virtue that has to be well protected from the world outside and be well guarded like a treasure. In the story of Dawn, Evening and Midnight the king watches his daughters during all day not allowing to anyone else to see their beauty. He doesnt even leave the sun or the wind to touch them. It is obvious that he adores his daughters only because they are extremely beautiful. It is not only the beauty that determine a wedding but also the ability of woman for reproduction. More specifically, it is the ability of the woman to make male children. It is considered as an ability of the woman to control the sex of her child, something that does not correspond to the contemporary knowledge and when she fails to make a boy, she is usually considered as cursed or worthless and she is driven away from her husband. This is obvious in the Singing Tree and the Talking Bird, when the king chooses his future wife only after she promises him to make three children, two males and one female. No other traits are more decisive than this, like the worth of a woman is considered first of all, with her ability of reproduction (Afanasev, 1973). It seems that even nowadays fairytales attribute to women the stereotyping traits of their gender, like passivity and silence, and to men those of power and courage, as it was shown through the fairytales of Snow White, The Little Mermaid, Ariel and The Footless Champion and the Handless Champion. Although there are traditional fairytales like Constantino Fortunato, that shows the woman in a position of power, this one of the head of the family and modern, that describe their heroine with some male characteristics, like Ariel of the Little Mermaid, who is independed and curious, before falls in love with a man, it seems that social sciences have to make a lot of efforts to modify the gender stereotypes in children literature (Zipes, 2000, Afanas ev, 1973).

American Airlines Flight 1420 Essay -- Essays Papers

American Airlines Flight 1420 American Airlines flight 1420 crashed in Little Rock, Arkansas. The crash killed 11 people, after running off the runway and impacting an approach lighting structure. The causes of the crash are still being investigated but the likely causes include the plane touching down 2000 feet passed the runway threshold, the rapidly deteriorating weather, and a fatigued flight crew. The American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying 143 passengers attempted a landing in fierce winds just shy of midnight on June 2, 1999. As the flight was en-route to Little Rock the Air Traffic Control (ATC) facility at the Little Rock Airport reported to the pilots that a thunderstorm had moved into the area with strong wind gusts. Despite these reports the flight crew decided to continue on. While the plane was on final, ATC informed the crew of rapidly deteriorating weather and two wind shear alerts. The co-pilot said that they had sight of the runway the entire time they were on final; he said it was like â€Å"a bowling alley effect† (Lunsford 1) where they were able to see between the clouds. As the plane touched down things started to go wrong. Immediately after touching down the plane started hydroplaning down the runway. The crew did not feel the typical deceleration forces that are normally associated with the reverse thrusters that are used when landing. With the strong wind on the field the plane started to yaw to the right due to a strong crosswind...

Poisonwood Bible Essay -- English Literature Essays

Poisonwood Bible Barbara Kingsolver is the author of many well-written pieces of literature including The Poisonwood Bible. This novel explores the beauty and hardships that exist in the Belgian Congo in 1959. Told by the wife and four daughters of a fierce Baptist, Nathan Price, Kingsolver clearly captures the realities this family and mission went through during their move to the Congo. The four daughters were raised in Atlanta Georgia in the 1950’s therefore entering the Congo with preconceived racial beliefs, and a very different way of life than they would soon experience. Throughout The Poisonwood Bible Kingsolver explores the importance and impact of faith, and a religion based on your own private beliefs. Orleanna Price, the wife and mother, of this struggling family is a very honest woman, lacking some of the stronger religious background of which her husband possesses. Orleanna, struggles with the hardships of daily life; toting and disinfecting the family's water, scrambling to make ends meet and trying to protect her family from the myriad terrors of the bush. Orleanna uses irony to describe the early days of her marriage. As she describes them, the days when there was still room for laughter in her husband's evangelical calling, before her pregnancies embarrassed him, before he returned from World War II a different man, a man who planned ''to save more souls than had perished on the road from Bataan.'' Her husband, Nathan Price, had escaped those miseries simply by luck, and knowing it curled his heart ''like a piece of hard shoe leather.'' As her husband continually preaches the good Lord’s word, she is faced with what seems to her to be the more important burdens of life, survival and keeping her family safe and sane. She doesn’t appear to have nearly so strong of a religious background as her husband would have hoped for her, h owever, throughout the novel it is made quite clear that she is in fact a better person than her husband could have ever hoped to be. Her daughter, Leah, captures her mothers religion very well when she says, â€Å"my father wears his faith like the bronze breastplate of God's foot soldiers, while our mother's is more like a good cloth coat with a secondhand fit.'' This quote is very true, as her father is the evangelical missionary leader who parades his religion around, as he craves for the reputation of being a ... ... God by a different name, many different names actually, but all of them combined created the same image of what Nathan Price believed in, God. These people helped to show the different forms of which our God takes on, many cultures may appear to be non-believers but in reality each society’s God aims for the same goals. As this novel is told entry by entry, narrated by the women of the family a clear picture of life in the Congo is very accurately represented as well as the influences of faith on each character. Leah clearly points out, â€Å"We've all ended up giving up body and soul to Africa, one way or another." Each of us, she adds, "got our heart buried in six feet of African dirt; we are all co-conspirators here." This is true of each and every character throughout the novel, as their faith is altered and influenced by the events within their stay in the Belgian Congo. Kingsolver presents to her reader many separate versions of faith, from Nathan’s forever devoted, to Orleanna’s incredibly subtle but morally strong. While reading the passages narrated by the women of the family it is realized, that without your own personal beliefs a life filled with success is unfathomable.

New Heritage Doll Essay

This paper summarizes recent studies in behavioral finance—particularly regarding market anomalies and investor behavior—that are not reconciled with the traditional finance paradigms. This paper differs from previous survey literature in several aspects. We introduce more recent papers in the field, more literature on behavioral corporate finance, and provide statistics on the recent trends that are explored in behavioral finance papers. We expand the research scope to studies on Korean financial markets, introduce specific funds using behavioral finance techniques, and discuss the challenges facing behavioral finance. Keywords: Behavioral finance, Market anomalies, Market efficiency, Survey of literature *  Hyoyoun Park: Credit Analyst, Euler Hermes Hong Kong Services Limited, Suites 403-11, 4/F Cityplaza 4, 12 Taikoo Wan Road, Taikoo Shing, Hong Kong; phone: +852-3665-8934; e-mail: karen.park@eulerhermes.com. **  Wook Sohn (Corresponding author): Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, 87 Hoegiro, Seoul 130-868, Korea; phone: +82-2-3299-1062; e-mail: wooksohn@ kdischool.ac.kr. 4 Seoul Journal of Business INTRODUCTION Although Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which represent standard finance, are successful, the alternative approach of behavioral finance includes psychological and sociological issues when investigating market anomalies and individual investor behavior. In the financial markets, we often observe some phenomena which cannot be explained rationally. For example, we do not have any logical evidences on random walk in the stock price movement while many fund managers use several behavioral concepts in their investment strategy. In corporate perspectives, company owners and managers do not rely only on logical elements to make critical decisions on mergers and acquisitions and new investment. Two of the key topics discussed in behavioral finance are the behavioral finance macro, which recognizes â€Å"anomalies† in the EMH that behavioral models can explain, and the behavioral finance micro, which recognizes individual investor behavior, or biases that are not explained by the traditional models incorporating rational behavior. In particular, we employ the behavioral finance micro because it explains a number of important financing and investment patterns by using a behavioral approach, which expands on the research in the behavioral corporate finance field. This paper summarizes these two major topics in behavioral finance, which include behavioral corporate finance, and introduces evidence that adopts behavioral concepts in the actual financial market. It also describes challenges to behavioral finance by reviewing recent studies and surveys. Recently acknowledged theories in academic finance are called standard or traditional finance theories. Based on the standard finance paradigm, scholars have sought to understand financial markets using models that presume that investors are rational. MPT and the EMH form the basis of traditional finance models1). How1) Harry Markowitz introduced MPT in 1952,  and he illustrated relationships between portfolio choices and beliefs in terms of the â€Å"expected returns–variance of returns† rule. Ricciardi and Simon (2000) defined MPT as an expected return, while standard deviations of particular securities or portfolios are correlated with the other securities or mutual funds held within one portfolio. Another major concept is known as the EMH, which states that investors cannot consistently  ever, if researchers only use the MPT and EMH, individual investor behavior is not easily understood. In contrast, behavioral finance is a relatively new concept in the financial markets, and is not employed within standard finance models; it replaces traditional finance models, and it offers a better model for human behavior. Although MPT and the EMH are considered as successful in financial market analysis, the behavioral finance model has been developed as one of the alternative theories for standard finance. Behavioral finance examines the impact of psychology on market participants’ behavior and the resulting outcomes in markets, focusing on how individual investors make decisions: in particular, how they interpret and act on specific information. Investors do not always have rational and predictable reactions when examined through the lens of quantitative models, which means that investors’ decision-making processes also include cognitive biases and affective (emotional) aspects. The behavioral finance model emphasizes investor behavior, leading to various market anomalies and inefficiencies. This new concept for finance explains individual behavior and group behavior by integrating the fields of sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences. It also predicts financial markets. Research in behavioral corporate finance studies highlights investors’ and managers’ irrationality, and shows nonstandard preferences, and judgmental biases in managerial decisions. Currently, many companies apply behavioral approaches to determine important finance and investment patterns. Several theories under the banner of traditional finance develop specific models by assuming the EMH and they explain  phenomena in markets; however, in the real financial market, many problems and cases cannot easily be explained via those standardized  models. In the cases involving managers or investors, unbiased forecasts about future events need to be developed and used to make decisions that best serve their own interests. In this type of situation, we need to entertain more realistic behavioral aspects, as there is evidence for irrational behavior patterns that cannot be explained by the traditional or standard financial theories. To be specific, Shefrin (2009) pointed out that the root cause of the global  achieve an excessive return over market returns on a risk-adjusted basis because all publicly available information is already reflected in a security’s market price, and the current security price is its fair value. Financial crisis of 2008 was a psychological, not fundamental phenomenon. Risk-seeking behaviors were evident in the loss-dominant markets, while excessive optimism and confirmation bias acted as driving factors behind the crisis, and not fundamental factors such as terrorism, skyrocketing oil prices, or disruptive changes in the weather. We can understand, identify, and address psychological distortions in judgments and decisions by considering behavioral concepts, and then we can integrate both traditional and behavioral factors to be better prepared for dealing with any psychological challenges. As mentioned, managerial decisions are strongly affected by cognitive biases and emotional aspects in real financial markets, as human beings are not machines. Additionally, evidence of  mispricing and market anomalies that cannot be fully explained by traditional models, is prevalent. Thus, we would like to propose behavioral finance in this paper to clearly explain a number of important financing and investment patterns, aiding  investors in understanding several abnormal phenomena by integrating behavioral concepts with existing. Ricciardi and Simon (2000) defined behavioral finance in the following manner: â€Å"Behavioral finance attempts to explain and increase understanding of the reasoning patterns of investors, including the emotional processes involved and the degree to which they influence the decision-making process. Essentially, behavioral finance attempts to explain the what, why, and how of finance and investment, from a human perspective† (Page 2) (See figure 1). Shefrin (2000), however, mentioned the difference between cognitive and affective (emotional) factors: â€Å"cognitive aspects concern the way people organize their information, while the emotional aspects deal with the way people feel as they register information† (Page 29). We understand that there are several survey literatures on behavioral finance. However, this paper differs from the literature in several aspects. We introduce more recent papers in the field and expand the research scope to studies on Korean financial markets. We introduce more literature on behavioral corporate finance, provide statistics on the recent trends that are evident in behavioral finance papers, introduce the specific funds that are using behavioral finance techniques, and discuss the challenges of the behavioral finance model. Source: Ricciardi and Simon (2000)  particularly regarding market anomalies and investor behavior, which cannot  be explained by traditional finance paradigms. In section 2, we introduce two topics in behavioral finance: cognitive biases and the limits of arbitrage. In section 3, we summarize the research on behavioral corporate finance. In section 4, we examine behavioral applications via two routes: evidence from real investments and specific evidence from the Korean financial market. In section 5, we analyze the recent developments in behavioral finance publications. Section 6 discusses several challenges to behavioral finance and ends with suggestions for future research. TWO TOPICS IN BEHAVIORAL FINANCE Behavioral finance is a study that combines psychology and economics, and it tries to explain various events that take place in financial markets. For example, from the behavioral finance  perspective, some individuals’ limitations and problems are shown in the expected utility theory and in arbitrage assumptions. In particular, there are two representative topics in behavioral finance: cognitive psychology and the limits of arbitrage.2) Cognitive Biases Under the traditional and standard financial theories, investors are viewed as being rational. Basically, a rational economic person is an individual who tries to achieve discretely specified goals in the most comprehensive and consistent way while minimizing any economic costs. A rational economic person’s choices are determined by his or her utility function.

Importance of customer care Essay

It shows a great deal of professionalism when a company takes good care of its customers, both internally and externally. Professional employees will most likely deal with clients in a professional manner, with the right communication, with respect and a genuine attitude. A good customer service will help the company: To keep loyal clients – develop trust To gain new clients To develop a good referral To develop within its employees a sense of proudness and loyalty The main objective of communicating is to send a message the most effective way as possible and to make sure it is received the way it was intended to. In communication, there are many barriers to overcome: a good standardised communication within the organisation will help to deal with those problems. Communication is a two-way process: 1. What we say and how we say it: 1.1. Intention of sender: right information in the right format 1.2. The message: method of communication. 1.3. Receiving the message: receptiveness of the person receiving the message 2. What and how the message is received and perceived: 2.1. Message interpretation: has the message been properly understood? 2.2. Feedback: has the communication been successful? To achieve an effective communication, the organisation and its management must clearly communicate the rules and guidelines established by the company. Standardised communication will help with: Consistency Equality Bring knowledge of what to do in any circumstances Establish boundaries Communicating with people, both internal or external of the organisation, is not only a matter of using the right guidelines or rules; an important part of the communication is also to consider your audience in order to adapt your communication and convey your message for a better reception. Knowing who you are talking to will avoid assumption, and will help you understand their needs and motivations. Communication is a combination of 4 mediums: 1) The written communication 2) The verbal communication 3) The non-verbal communication 4) Listening 1) What is important in written communication? The accuracy of the words To be clear To be legible To do proof reading 2) What is important in verbal communication? To use a formal or informal way of speaking according to your audience To use the appropriate language: choose the right style To make sure to use the right pace: not too fast, not too slow To use the right tone of voice To speak at a good distance from your audience: physical proximity 3) What is important in non-verbal communication? The signs and signals of body language Movements, gestures, facial expressions, shifts, body positioning The way of being dressed, the hairstyle, tattoos The tidiness of the working place 4) What is important in listening? To listen properly a person you need to stop what you are doing: give importance to the person you are communicating with While listening appear interested Listen actively and ask questions Truly listening helps to avoid misinterpretation To communicate more effectively, one should pay attention to its body language: the non-verbal communication is as important as any verbal or written communication as it conveys a message of its own, an emotional state. Failing to provide a good customer care will prevent the organisation to be successful and to expand. But it will also create stress among people working for the organisation, leading to unhappiness and unprofessionalism. The golden rule of the PA should be: â€Å"Mind what you say,   who you are talking to  and how you are communicating†